https://ijcopi.org/ojs/issue/feedInternational Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics2023-12-31T12:00:12+01:00Jorge A. Ruiz Vanoyejorge@ruizvanoye.comOpen Journal Systems<p>IJCOPI aim is to provide a forum for the dissemination and discussion of combinatorial optimization problems and informatics. It also carries a prestigious selection of top quality, refereed articles with the emphasis on new problems, methods, techniques and algorithms to solve the combinatorial optimization problems.</p> <p> </p> <p>IJCOPI is an open access and green journal on subjects related to the Combinatorial Optimization Problems and the Informatics. IJCOPI is part of the eco-friendly community with the publications by means e-publication mode. A peer review process ensures the content´s validity and relevance.</p> <p> </p> <p>IJCOPI has a quarterly frequency and IJCOPI publishes in the following periods of time:</p> <p>1.-January-April</p> <p>2.-May-August</p> <p>3.-September-December</p>https://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/371Smart Cities facing the growth of poverty2023-06-07T18:25:21+02:00Alejandro Fuentes-Pennaalexfp10@hotmail.comRaúl Gómez Cárdenasalejandrofuentes@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mxOscar D. Hernández Gonzálezalejandrofuentes@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mxJuan de d. González Ibarraalejandrofuentes@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mxEliezer Cuesta Gómezalejandrofuentes@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mxWendy L. Morales Pradoalejandrofuentes@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mxMarco Antonio Vera Jiménezmarcovera@upp.edu.mx<p>An intelligent city or Smart City is an interconnected expression that applies new technologies to create solutions that allow the intelligent development of the country's strategic areas towards a better quality of life. Smart cities have applied different ways to maintain the quality of life of citizens, being the case, for example, of the health crisis caused by the pandemic of COVID-19, which has shown that it is required to accelerate the development of cities around the world, so this type of cities present an urban model, based on health care, the generation of green spaces, ecotechnology, integrated mobility, intelligent generation of employment, clean energy, among others, allowing transparency in the processes that move away from acts of corruption in governmental bases.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/389Classification of Cardiac Arrhythmias2023-09-24T05:48:56+02:00Miguel Ángel Ruiz Jaimes mruiz@upemor.edu.mxJorge Alarcón Álvarez mruiz@upemor.edu.mxJuan José Flores Sedanomruiz@upemor.edu.mxJorge A. Ruiz-Vanoyejorge@ruizvanoye.comYadira Toledo-Navarroytoledo@upemor.edu.mxEric Simancas-Acevedosimancas@upp.edu.mxFrancisco Rafael Trejo-Macotelamacotela@upp.edu.mxMarco Antonio Vera-Jiménez mvera@upp.edu.mx<p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. In this context, the design of accurate and efficient methods for the automated classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is essential for clinical diagnosis, particularly in the detection of cardiac arrhythmias. The main objective of this project is to develop an automated classification system for cardiac arrhythmias using electrocardiogram signals. To carry out this project, the iterative cascade methodology was used, which allows modifications and improvements to be made in each development iteration. The interview technique was used to collect the project requirements, which allowed obtaining detailed and precise information on the needs and expectations of the client.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/372The Artificial Intelligence the Strategic Key of Cybersecurity2023-06-15T04:38:01+02:00Gustavo Arroyo-Figueroagarroyo@ineel.mx<p>Despite the fact that digital transformation introduces multiple advantages, it also introduces crucial security challenges, since it combines heterogeneous communications, the integration of digital devices, legacy technologies. In the case of power grid, in addition to damage to the availability, integrity and confidentiality of information; there may be manipulation and take control of assets through the infection of operational systems. In this context, powerful cybersecurity schemes and mechanisms that guarantee the safe transmission of information and the safe operation of assets are required. The goal is develop cyber security schemes and mechanisms based on intelligent cyber defense mechanisms that provide flexibility and self-learning capacity to support humans in the analysis and generation of containment measures against cyber-attacks. This paper presents the developed and validation of an Intrusion Detection and Prediction System (IDPS) based on individual classifiers and ensemble algorithms. The IDPS has demonstrated be an efficient countermeasure against several cyberattacks. The proposed IDPS uses J48 (decision tree), CLONAL-G (artificial immune system), bayesian classifier and ensemble algorithm and was validated with the KDDCup databases. The attacks in the data set are categorized into four attack types: DoS (denial-of-service attacks), R2L (root-to-local attacks), U2R (user-to-root attack), and Probe (probing attacks). The results show that the individual classifiers perform well for particular attack, so it was necessary to build an ensemble algorithm that combine the information from each classifier for better performance. The idea is not to rely on a single classifier for the decision, but rather individual information from different classifiers is combined to make the final decision.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/384Prediction of the Melting Point of Ionic Liquids with Clustering and Noeuroevolution2023-09-17T05:36:29+02:00Juan Frausto Solisjuan.frausto@gmail.comJuan Javier González-Barbosajjgonzalezbarbosa@hotmail.comJorge Alberto Cerecedo-Cordobajoalceco@gmail.comJuan Paulo Sánchez-Hernándezjuan.paulosh@upemor.edu.mxOcotlán Díaz-Parraocotlan_diaz@upp.edu.mxGuadalupe Castilla-Valdezgpe_cas@yahoo.com.mx<p>Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts with a wide liquid temperature range and low melting points and can be fine-tuned to have specific physicochemical properties by the selection of their anion and cation. However, having a physical synthesis of multiple ILs for testing purposes can be expensive. For this reason, an in-silico estimation of physicochemical properties is desired. The selection of these components is limited by the low precision offered by state-of-the-art predictive models. In this paper, we explore the prediction of melting points with clustering algorithms and a novel Neuroevolution approach. We focused our design on simplicity. We concluded that performing clustering analysis in a previous phase of the model generation improves the estimation accuracy of the melting point, which is validated in experimentation made in-silico</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/387Mexico and PRONACES towards to become a smart city2023-09-21T19:02:04+02:00Alejandro Fuentes-Pennaalexfp10@hotmail.comJorge A. Ruiz-Vanoye jorge@ruizvanoye.comRaúl Gómez-Cárdenasraul@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mxJulio C. Salgado Ramírez csalgado@upp.edu.mxFrancisco R. Trejo-Macotela trejo_macotela@upp.edu.mxOcotlán Díaz-Parra ocotlan_diaz@upp.edu.mxAlejandro Poblano Verasteguialejandrofuentes@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mxPriscila Lucía Renteria Torresalejandrofuentes@elcolegiodemorelos.edu.mx<p>This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art analysis and mathematical modeling of the National Program for Smart Cities (PRONACES) initiatives in Mexico's journey towards smart city development. The focus is on examining how PRONACES integrates technological innovation with urban planning and sustainability, leveraging mathematical models to optimize and predict the outcomes of various smart city initiatives. The methodology includes a review of current literature to establish the state of the art, followed by the development and application of mathematical models to assess and forecast the effectiveness of PRONACES strategies. These models are based on a variety of parameters including urban growth, technology adoption, resource allocation, and environmental impact. Key findings demonstrate the significant role of PRONACES in transforming urban landscapes in Mexico. The mathematical models provide valuable predictions and insights into the potential outcomes of various smart city strategies, indicating pathways for efficient resource management, infrastructure development, and sustainable urban growth. The paper concludes with an emphasis on the importance of mathematical modeling in planning and implementing smart city initiatives. The challenges and opportunities presented by Mexico’s unique urban landscape are discussed, along with recommendations for future research and policy-making in the field of smart urban development.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/406Development of a Methodology for Dynamic Motor Control with Machine Learning2023-12-11T21:40:19+01:00David Aguilar Roblesmarycarmen.santiago@correo.buap.mxMa. del Carmen Santiago Díazmarycarmen.santiago@correo.buap.mxAna Claudia Zenteno Vázquezana.zenteno@correo.buap.mxYeiny Romero Hernándezyeiny.romero@correo.buap.mxJudith Pérez Marcialjudith.perez@correo.buap.mxGustavo T. Rubín Linaresgustavo.rubin@correo.buap.mx<p>In robotics, the problem of precision in position control of the different motor systems requires the evaluation of multiple variables in real time in order not to cause instability in the robot due to processing time. In this work, a methodology based on automatic learning of motor systems is proposed in order to be able to generate control actions in advance of their measurement and processing, for which a second-order system and its response to disturbances such as step signals are proposed.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/407Improving Prediction of Polarity in Tourism Domain using Convolutional Neural Network2023-12-12T16:46:19+01:00Marcos A. Leiva Vasconcellosmarcos.leiva@alumno.buap.mxMireya Tovar Vidalmireyatovar@gmail.com<p>The analysis of the polarity of various types of comments has been enhanced by the development of Web 2.0, where millions of user-generated opinions on different sites now offer a wealth of information. Opinion mining focuses on automatically determining the polarity of posts for research and the development of real-world applications. This article aims to determine which of the proposed algorithms (Decision Trees, Support Vector Machine, Naïve Bayes, and Convolutional Neural Network) are most suitable for predicting the polarity of opinions in the tourism domain. For this purpose, a set of opinions (30,210) from the REST-MEX 2022 Sentiment Analysis competition, pertaining to hotels, attractions, and restaurants, is used. The experimental results obtained show that the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is the best classifier, achieving an accuracy of 98.83%, followed by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes with accuracies of 71% and 70% respectively. The worst performance was observed with Decision Trees, which achieved 62% accuracy.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/408Genetic Programming in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review2023-12-12T17:06:05+01:00Angel Sánchez-Garcíaangesanchez@uv.mxLeslie Loaiza-Meseguerleslielm63@gmail.comJorge Octavio Ocharán-Hernándezjocharan@uv.mxJuan Carlos Pérez-Arriagajuaperez@uv.mx<p>Software Engineering is present in all the Software Development Life Cycle phases, implying a systematic and disciplined development process. Nowadays, there are optimization problems within the phases and activities of Software Engineering, problems in which a Genetic Programming (GP) approach can give better results due to its representation of individuals. This Systematic Literature Review aims to analyze the current state of the application of GP in Software Engineering by collecting the phases and activities of software development where Genetic Programming has been used and summarizing the advantages of using this technique. The results show that GP has been used in every phase of software development, although mainly in the construction phase. In addition, a promising area is Program Synthesis, which substantially impacts new fields such as Genetic Improvement.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/404Analysis of the Feasibility of Smart Contracts in Mexico's Legal and Social Framework: A Study on the Future of Trade Agreements2023-12-10T05:11:15+01:00Joel Silosjoel.siloss@gmail.comUriel Amado Ramírez-Hernándezur763943@gmail.comYaneth Reyes-Hernándezyanethreyeshdez@micorreo.upp.edu.mxLuis Arturo Ortiz-Suarezarturoortizsuarez@micorreo.upp.edu.mxLuis José Gómez-Pérez luis.jose.gp@micorreo.upp.edu.mxDaniel Cruz-Rojanodanielcruzrojano94@micorreo.upp.edu.mxFrancisco Rafael Trejo-Macotelatrejo_macotela@upp.edu.mxDaniel Robles Camarillodanielrc@upp.edu.mx<p>Smart contracts are a type of software program that facilitates, ensures, enforces, and executes agreements recorded between two or more parties. An example of this could be an agreement between an individual or organization responsible for exporting and importing products. This study aims to determine whether smart contracts are a viable tool for use in Mexico in terms of the legal and social framework.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/409Non-bio-inspired Metaheuristics in Software Testing: A Systematic Literature Review2023-12-12T18:17:05+01:00Angel Sánchez-Garcíaangesanchez@uv.mxAlfredo Delgado-Santiagodltunasd@gmail.comMarcela Quiroz-Castellanosmquiroz@uv.mxXavier Limónhlimon@uv.mxRocío Erandi Barrientos-Martínezrbarrientos@uv.mx<p>The software testing phase usually consumes a lot of the development of software projects time in order to find defects before release. Different strategies have been approached to optimize this phase of the testing stage. Metaheuristics are important in software testing due to their ability to find optimal or near-optimal solutions in complex situations. This research aims to analyze the current status of the application of metaheuristics that assist in software testing phase activities, specifically the most representative Non-bio-inspired algorithms (NBA) are surveyed, being Hill Climbing the most reported. The main activities of the software testing where NBA were implemented, were test case and test data generation and test case prioritization. It was concluded that NBAs used on their own are only viable in some activities of the software testing phase. As future work, it is proposed to investigate the use of hybrid algorithms and approaches in software testing phase.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/380A Digital Marketing as a strategy to increase the income of the company "Rutas Turísticos el Chico" in Hidalgo2023-08-18T19:38:20+02:00Mayra Lorena Gonzalez Mosquedamayra.gm@pachuca.tecnm.mxHector Gil Perezl19201124@pachuca.tecnm.mxKarla Martínez Tapiakarla.mt@pachuca.tecnm.mxEric León Olivareseric.lo@pachuca.tecnm.mxMa. Guadalupe Ibarra Huescaguadalupe.ih@pachuca.tecnm.mx<p>The research was conducted with the aim of improving the revenue of 'Rutas Turísticos El Chico,' a company that experienced a decline in sales due to a reduced customer base, a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. This decline was exacerbated by insufficient advertising efforts, outdated content, and limited interaction with the public on social networks, which have become today's most effective means of attracting and retaining customers. The study is grounded in Digital Marketing methodology and its five techniques: customer loyalty, interactivity, personalization, tone, and communicative coherence. This descriptive, explanatory, and field study utilized a questionnaire-based data collection instrument applied to a stratified sample of 384 individuals. The results indicate an overall increase and diversification of revenue, enhanced interaction on social networks, and improved positioning in regional tourism services.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/401Review of Genetic Algorithm to improve Students Academic Performance by applying Smart Learning2023-12-09T05:04:16+01:00Luis Arturo Ortiz-Suarezarturo.os@ar-net.com.mxYaneth Reyes-Hernándezyanethreyeshdez@micorreo.upp.edu.mxUriel Amado Ramírez-Hernándezurielramirez@micorreo.upp.edu.mxJoel Silos Sánchezjoelsilos@micorreo.upp.edu.mxLuis José Gómez-Pérezluis.jose.gp@micorreo.upp.edu.mxFrancisco Rafael Trejo-Macotelatrejo_macotela@upp.edu.mxDaniel Robles Camarillodanielrc@upp.edu.mx<p>This paper reviews the use of genetic algorithms for enhancing academic performance through Smart learning. The study reveals that the application of technology in teaching can improve students' grades. It also analyzes the implementation of cognitive training and the benefits obtained for a better comprehension of the information received by individuals. A literature review is provided to give an overview of how these issues have impacted various parts of the world. The importance of integrating novel approaches to Smart learning, such as genetic algorithms and cognitive training, to enrich pedagogical strategies is highlighted.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/381The Content marketing as a strategy to improve the level of market participation of a company2023-08-18T23:12:26+02:00Mayra Lorena Gonzalez Mosquedamayra.gm@pachuca.tecnm.mxKarla Martinez Tapiakarla.mt@pachuca.tecnm.mxMaría Elda Domínguez Taveral19201122@pachuca.tecnm.mxEric León Olivareseric.lo@pachuca.tecnm.mxMa. Guadalupe Ibarra Huescaguadalupe.ih@pachuca.tecnm.mx<p>This research focuses on the application of Content Marketing as a strategy to improve the market share of 'Grupo Constructor Valexa S.A. de C.V.' in Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo. The objective is to evaluate the effect of implementing a content marketing strategy, aiming to increase the market share in the construction industry by at least 30%. The research methodology is mixed, encompassing quantitative, basic, applied, and technological approaches. It is descriptive, explanatory, field-based, and non-experimental in nature. For data collection, a questionnaire was administered to the entire population of 379 individuals. The survey consisted of a 44-item questionnaire designed to study the variables. Finally, the results obtained following the implementation of the devised content marketing strategies are presented.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/391The Implementation of Optimal Control for Thermal Regulation in Finite Volume Spaces Described by Second-Order Dynamics2023-10-08T18:49:38+02:00Jared Vladimir Calderon-Lopezjared.calderon@lasallep.mxEvelin Gutiérrez-Morenovgutierrez@upp.edu.mxJesús Patricio Ordaz-Oliverjesus_ordaz@uaeh.edu.mxMario Oscar Ordaz-Olivermario.ordaz@upp.edu.mxJusto Fabian Montiel-Hernándezjusto_montiel@uaeh.edu.mx<p>Temperature control systems have various applications, from cooling to casting, and are crucial for ensuring quality in production. Although essential, their usage entails a significant energy consumption. This project focuses on implementing optimal control synthesized from the calculus of variations applied to the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation to regulate temperature within a finite volume space. The objective is to enhance thermal efficiency without compromising product quality. The approach not only aims to optimize energy consumption but also to ensure uniformity and quality in products and processes affected by temperature. This can be achieved by maintaining thermal stability at desired values and responsible resource management. In general, the article proposes improving efficiency and quality in temperature regulation, contributing to sustainable and effective industrial practices.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informaticshttps://ijcopi.org/ojs/article/view/399Design Algorithm for Sequential Pneumatic and Electropneumatic Systems2023-12-03T05:33:01+01:00Mario Oscar Ordaz Olivermario.ordaz@upp.edu.mxEvelin Gutiérrez-Morenoevgutierrez@upp.edu.mxJesús Patricio Ordaz Oliverjesus_ordaz@uaeh.edu.mxJavier Hernández-P´érezjahdez@upp.edu.mxOmar Jacobo Santos Sánchezomarj@uaeh.edu.mx<p>This article presents an alternative automation algorithm for pneumatic sequences that enables the solution of complex sequential problems without the need to organize detection phases into groups. By not using groups to organize movements in detection phases, two benefits can be achieved: firstly, all the drawbacks associated with using groups are eliminated, such as design complexity, difficulty in debugging, increased cost, and difficulty in optimizing the circuit; secondly, it enables the use of logical functions to define each motion in pneumatic actuators. This opens up the possibility to solve logical functions using Boolean algebra techniques, and even their generalization into an algorithm that can be programmed in any language. To validate the proposed algorithm, MATLAB pseudocode is presented. This pseudocode allows obtaining the logical functions needed to build the ladder diagram of any sequence involving up to four double-acting cylinders with any number of phases in a work cycle.</p>2023-12-31T00:00:00+01:00Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics